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N5 · Lesson 12

The past and comparisons

The past tense of nouns and adjectives, and how to compare two things or pick the best of a group.

Grammar

Past of noun sentences and -な adjectives

N/A-な でした / じゃありませんでした

The past of です is でした and the past of じゃありません is じゃありませんでした. It works the same for nouns and -な adjectives: でした (it was rainy), じゃありませんでした (I wasn't free).

Examples

  • It rained yesterday.

  • I wasn't free last week.

Past of -い adjectives

A-い → 〜かったです / 〜くなかったです

-い adjectives conjugate the past themselves: い → かったです (it was hot), くなかったです (it wasn't hot). The past of いい is よかったです.

Examples

  • The trip was fun.

  • The weather wasn't good.

N1 は N2 より A です — comparative

N1 は N2 より A です

より marks what you compare against: この は あの より きいです (this car is bigger than that one).

Examples

  • The plane is faster than the ship.

N1 と N2 と どちらが A ですか — comparing two

N1 と N2 と どちらが A ですか。…N の ほうが A です

To ask which of two things is more…, you use どちら, whatever the category. You answer with 〜の ほうが: サッカーと と どちらが おもしろいですか。…サッカーの ほうが おもしろいです. If they are equal: どちらも (both).

Examples

  • Which do you prefer, summer or winter? …I prefer summer.

N [の ] で 〜が いちばん A です — superlative

N [の ]で /どこ//いつ が いちばん A ですか

いちばん expresses the superlative within a group: [の ]で が いちばん おいしいですか. The question word changes depending on whether you ask about a thing, a place, a person or a time.

Examples

  • When is it coldest in the year? …In February.

A の — "the (adjective) one"

A-い/A-な の

の also stands in for the noun after an adjective, so you don't repeat it: きいのを ください (the big one, please).

Examples

  • Which bag is it? …The black one.

Vocabulary

WordReadingMeaning
easy, simple
nearby
distant, far
fast, early
late, slow
many [people], a lot
few [people], little
warm, mild
fresh
sweet
spicy
heavy
light (in weight)
to prefer [coffee]
season
spring
summer
autumn
winter
weather
rain
snow
cloudy
hotel
airport
sea, ocean
world
party
festival, fair
sukiyaki (beef and vegetable hotpot)
sashimi (sliced raw fish)
sushi
tempura
pork
chicken
beef
lemon
flower arrangement
maple, autumn leaves
which one (of two)
both
the most, the first
much more
for the first time
I'm home
welcome back
wow, what a crowd!
I'm tired
Gion Festival (Kyoto)
Hong Kong
Singapore

See this lesson's vocabulary →

See also